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BEGIN:VEVENT
UID:b6c7ce0a734b12ffe13e147d8e02fb5f
CATEGORIES:Human and computer vision series:Fall 2008
CREATED:20151203T141542
SUMMARY:Computing time from space in the Primate Posterior Parietal Cortex
LOCATION:Rutgers University\, Department of Psychology\, Center for Cognitive Scienc
e and Center for Computational Biomedicine Imag
DESCRIPTION:A fundamental question in psychology and neuroscience is how skills are acq
uired, and what happens in the brain when a new motor memory is formed. To
understand the neural basis of skill learning, we investigated the role of
the posterior parietal cortex in the learning of new movements' temporal d
ynamics. We had untrained monkeys reach in the dark towards remembered spat
ial locations while avoiding the remembered locations of obstacles. We com
pared familiar reaches along straight hand paths to the new obstacle-avoida
nce reaches along curved hand paths. During the early initiation of the new
curved reaches the high variability of the distance traveled up to the han
d's velocity peak contrasted with the low variability of the length of time
that it took to complete this first segment. Such temporal consistency acr
oss all target locations naturally dissociated the spatial from the tempora
l components of the new motion's speed. Changes in the initial movement spe
ed amounted to changes in the distance traveled by the hand during a reliab
le length of time. About a second prior to the start of the movements, whil
e the subjects were planning ahead such spatial changes, we recorded the ne
ural activity of cells in the reach region of the Posterior Parietal Cortex
(PRR). We found that the planning of the learning process of this initial
segment segregated the PRR neurons into two complementary types according t
o their mean response properties and to the distribution of their spike wid
ths. During the planning period, broad spiking neurons were inhibited by th
e learning of the new initial speed while the narrow spiking neurons were e
xcited. Over time, as learning resumed both types of cells usually returned
to their original firing rates for the familiar reaches. Our work suggests
that the learning of new speed profiles can be achieved through distance-b
ased spatial computations in the PRR. Furthermore this area seems to be dir
ectly linked to the acquisition of a new reaching motor memory as the assoc
iation between the distance to be traveled in the earliest segment of the r
each and the temporal length of this impending segment. \n \nSuggested read
ings:\n \n1999 Moran DW and Schwartz AB\nMotor Cortical Representation of S
peed and Direction During Reaching\nhttp://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksf
iles/ChSSJN2006.pdf (<a href=)">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles
/ChSSJN2006.pdf\nNeurophysiol. 82:2676-2692 (1999) \n \nChurchland MM,
Santhanam G, Shenoy KV (2006)\nPreparatory activity in premotor and motor c
ortex reflects the speed of the upcoming reach.\nhttp://ruccs.rutgers.edu/f
aculty/talksfiles/ChSSJNCF2006.pdf (<a href=)">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/f
aculty/talksfiles/ChSSJNCF2006.pdf \nJournal of Neurophysiology. 96:31
30-3146. \n \nCisek P (2006)\n Preparing for speed. Focus on: "Preparatory
activity in premotor and motor cortex reflects the speed of the upcoming re
ach." \nhttp://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/JN1999_2676.pdf (<a
href=)">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/JN1999_2676.pdf \nJ
ournal of Neurophysiology. 96:2842-2843.\n
X-ALT-DESC;FMTTYPE=text/html: A fundamental question in psychology and neuroscience is how skills a
re acquired, and what happens in the brain when a new motor memory is forme
d. To understand the neural basis of skill learning, we investigated the ro
le of the posterior parietal cortex in the learning of new movements'
temporal dynamics. We had untrained monkeys reach in the dark towards
remembered spatial locations while avoiding the remembered locations of ob
stacles. We compared familiar
reaches along straight hand paths to the new obstacle-avoidance reaches alo
ng curved hand paths. During the early initiation of the new curved reaches
the high variability of the distance traveled up to the hand's velocity pe
ak contrasted with the low variability of the length of time that it took t
o complete this first segment. Such temporal consistency across all target
locations naturally dissociated the spatial from the temporal components of
the new motion's speed. Changes in the initial movement speed amounted to
changes in the distance traveled by the hand during a reliable length of ti
me. About a second prior to the start of the movements, while the subjects
were planning ahead such spatial changes, we recorded the neural activity o
f cells in the reach region of the Posterior Parietal Cortex (PRR). We foun
d that the planning of the learning process of this initial segment segrega
ted the PRR neurons into two complementary types according to their mean re
sponse properties and to the distribution of their spike widths. During the
planning period, broad spiking neurons were inhibited by the learning of t
he new initial speed while the narrow spiking neurons were excited. Over ti
me, as learning resumed both types of cells usually returned to their origi
nal firing rates for the familiar reaches. Our work suggests that the learn
ing of new speed profiles can be achieved through distance-based spatial co
mputations in the PRR. Furthermore this area seems to be directly linked to
the acquisition of a new reaching motor memory as the association between
the distance to be traveled in the earliest segment of the reach and the te
mporal length of this impending segment. Suggested readings:
STRONG>
1999
FONT> Moran DW and
Motor Cortical Representation of Speed and Direction During Reaching
http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksf
iles/ChSSJN2006.pdf">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/ChSSJN2006.p
df
Neurophysiol. 82:2676-2692 (1999)
Preparatory activity in prem otor and motor cortex reflects the speed of the upcoming reach.
http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/Ch SSJNCF2006.pdf">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/ChSSJNCF2006.pd f
Preparing for spee d. Focus on: "Preparatory activity in premotor and motor cortex reflects th e speed of the upcoming reach."
< SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/t alksfiles/JN1999_2676.pdf">http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/faculty/talksfiles/JN199 9_2676.pdf
Journal of Neurophysiology. 96:2
842-2843.